Social Problems Work Essay Example for Free

Social Problems Work Essay When referring to social problems, society generally looks at them from a larger objective or standpoint. The problem is going to include some typified examples, general terms that are associated with the problem, and statistics created in the claimsmaking process. This macrosociological approach relies on what the media has portrayed the problem to be. It is the job of social problems work to narrowly tailor aspects of a social problem in order to attempt to solve or address it in a practical and immediate manner (Best 227). Best explains that social problems workers, such as doctors and teachers, have encountered stereotypes of their roles that require them to perform grand feats but they work in highly regulated systems and industries. Bureaucratic procedures make it difficult for the workers to effect change directly. This also leads to varied amounts personal discretion that social problem workers possess. Since social problems work is narrowly tailored, specific individuals receive personal attention. These cases can be a doctor and patient’s interaction, a teacher’s conversation with their student, or a police officer’s interaction with a citizen who has made a call. When they are trying to make accurate assessments of each case, the social problems workers have to ask themselves questions like â€Å"What seems to be the problem Which aspects of the case are relevant†¦ Does this seem to be a serious matter†¦ What is the nature of the subject†¦ Are other people watching†¦ Are there work-related considerations†¦? (Best 236-239). Because the nature of their work can be so sensitive, social problems workers find that they are caught in the middle or blamed for the outcome or consequences from their work. As expected, social problems workers expect for the subjects to cooperate with their plan of action in order to help eliminate their issues, but when they do not, the workers are left to deal with the consequences. â€Å"Social problems worker try to control the flow of information about their activities. They generally prefer that others learn about the work they do directly from them†¦Ã¢â‚¬  in order to prevent the possibility of information being distorted by media outlets looking to portray their work in a certain way (Best 248). Some social problems workers go the extreme and tamper with the information they submit to reporting agencies to ensure that they are seen in the best possible light. They are able to get away with this because there are many situations in which workers are required to use their own personal discretion with out having to defer power to their supervisors or bosses until afterwards. Social problems workers are required to bring larger, abstract problems to a personal, more detailed level. Doing this can benefit certain claims by bringing an actual face and story to a social problem. It does not only create the perfect victim, but it gives a face and a personal account of how the social problem has directly affected their life or wellbeing. Activist as claims makers would benefit from using social problems workers, their subjects, and cases as a method to personify their claim. Experts as claims makers would only be able to capitalize off of social problems work by using the possibly skewed data and statistics they provide in order to give an overall picture. By looking at individual workers and cases, there is a chance they can encounter a unique situation that is not consistent with the data or point they are trying to make. In lecture, we discussed the need for claims makers to not only have statistical and concrete information to prove and advance their claim, but the need for the public to be able to relate to it and see how is also affects them or their loved ones. If it does not, there will be no reason for them to want to support the cause. Social problems work is an ideal way for this to be done because it finds a medium between expert testimony and activists. Many people have interactions with social problems workers, so it is easy for them to bring up their concerns with a particular problem and see how and if they can help or are at risk. For example, child abuse is a social issue that draws attention because of the underage status of its victims. People see children as helpless and in need of a nurturing guardian. Any adult can as a police officer, doctor, or teacher what resources are available to serve as a safe haven for abused children. I feel as though the media and social problems workers have made efforts to use each other for their own gain and benefit. Various media outlets can call upon social problems workers to boost their ratings by bring sensationalized stories and cases. This is used to play on the emotions of the public and â€Å"guilt† them into advancing their cause. This can be seen with infomercials regarding poor children in â€Å"third world countries†, children with cancer, and animal abuse advocates. Organizations like Feed The Children use images of celebrities or former government officials next to images of poverty stricken, starving children. Viewers are made to feel guilty because they are told that the amount of money they use on their daily coffee can provide essentials for that child. Once the viewer has made the connection between how much their Starbucks cost and the idea that their child does not have to live that life, they are then compelled to donate to the organization. The social problems worker in the commercial has been used a pawn for donations and ratings. Similarly, hospitals that specifically cater to children with terminal illness show individual cases of these children and their doctors. Sometimes their parents explain that their child would have not survived without the donations from viewers because the hospital does not charge for their services. The doctors also add their perspective as to how much their procedures would have cost. After they have explained the financial aspect of the individual child’s care, they then proceed to use the medical terminology for their condition with images of young children attached to massive hospital equipment. After watching the commercial and listening to the doctors, the public generally assumes that they are correct and donates to the organization. The media does this as well with animal abuse advocates. They show footage of domestic pets with lesions and injuries. Viewers are led to assume that they came from their owners. While the intentions of social problems workers are usually genuine, they are put on display on these commercials for the benefit of the organization and the network airing it, not necessarily the actual social problem or those affected by it. Social problems workers have the hard task of doing their jobs and helping their subjects in their particular cases. This is a difficult task because of the bureaucratic red tape and policies that they work through. For them to try to solve an entire social problem by themselves would be an endless task, especially due to the added consequences and stresses from the general nature of their work. This can lead to embellishments in their actual efficiency and a lackadaisical attitude towards the issue entirely. Different types of claims makers have attempted to use social problems workers to benefit them and not the entire problem, but despite this, their social problems worker and those they come in contact with are an invaluable aspect to ridding society of the issue in its entirety.

General Electrics Quality Gamble Essay -- GCSE Business Six Sigma Cou

General Electric's Quality Gamble The Implementation of Six Sigma General Electric (GE) is among the most profitable companies and, according to Fortune magazine, the most admired. It stock is the most highly valued in the world. Some critics would argue, if it's not broke, why fix it? Jack Welch, CEO of GE, believes in the "infinite capacity to improve everything." Why does a company that has experienced so much success recently invests over a billion dollars in a quality initiative? Increased competition has GE adopting the attitude that businesses that stand still become obsolete as businesses that continue to grow pass them by. Also by implementing Six Sigma, GE is preparing itself for future profitability opportunities. Finally, research indicated a need for improvement in the way GE does business. GE had been straining for years to increase operating margin and six sigma is a way to do that. What is Six Sigma? Six sigma, the mother of all quality efforts, can mean different things to different organizations. The Six Sigma Academy defines it as tactics and tools to improve profitability through focusing on improving the sigma capability of an organization's processes. GE defines six sigma as first as a management philosophy; a never ending to competitive leadership by satisfying customer requirements profitability. Second they define it as a measurement system; a measure of a processes inherent ability to meet customer requirements. In general six sigma is a statistical non-financial performance measurement at which you should design, operate, and control every process in your company in such a way that none of yield more than 3.4 defects per million units of output. Six Sigma is a tool that measures in a clear, accurate, mathematical terms how good or bad their quality levels are, how much they can improve, and what progress they are making along the journey. On a global perspective, companies that have not begun their quality journey are around one or two sigma. The worldwide average is around three sigma. The majority of the companies utilizing six sigma in India are at a low two sigma. An average domestic company is at three sigma, while a good company is at three and a half. Today GE is around three and a half with goals of reaching six sigma by the year 2000. Companies operating at three to four sigma lo... ...reduced cycle times, increased productivity, improved capacity and output, decreased work-in-progress, and improved process flow. Companies operating at 3 to 4 sigma generally loses up to 10-15% of their total revenue due to defects, on the contrast a company that operates at 6 sigma generally loses less than 10%. Six Sigma stars Motorola has reported savings of $2 billion over 10 years of implementation while GE shaved off 750 million of cost in 1998. In 1999, GE has projected a 1.5 billion in savings due to Six Sigma, and if they reach their goal of six sigma in the year 2000 they will add between 8 to 12 added to the bottom line. In conclusion, GE has decided to ride Six Sigma into the next century. The year 2000 is the deadline for reaching Six Sigma, which is also around the time its CEO Jack Welch plans to retire. If GE's quality gamble pays off, Jack Welch will go out a winner, leaving behind his most admired company on top. Reference "The Enigma of Six Sigma." (1999, May). Business Today. Online Romeo, Mary. Six Sigma Quality. GE Capital FMP Conference, Stamford, 1999. Curran, John. "GE CAPITAL: JACK WELCH'S SECRET WEAPON." Fortune July 1999.

Blauner Hypothesis Essay

Disucussion on the Noel and Blauner Hypotheses When two distinct groups first come into contact with each other, the conditions of that meeting can determine the fate and mold the relations of the two groups for generations. This is called the â€Å"Contact Situation.† Donald Noel and Robert Blauner have analyzed this initial contact and developed hypotheses that aid in the understanding of this phase of the inter-group relations. Donald Noel and Robert Blauner The Noel hypothesis recognizes that there are three segments to the contact situation, that when working together, lead to some sort of inequality between the groups. The hypothesis states: If two or more groups come together in a contact situation characterized by ethnocentrism, competition and a difference in power, then some form of racial or ethnic stratification will result (Noel, 1968, p. 163). In other words, if the contact situation contains all three of the situations, ethnocentrism, competition, and a difference in power, then some sort of dominant-minority social structure will be created. Ethnocentrism is defined as the tendency to judge other groups, societies or lifestyles by the standard of one’s own culture (Healy, 1999, p. 175). At some level, ethnocentrism is a necessary part of human culture. Without it, people would tend to not obey laws, social norms or work with others in every day life. Ethnocentrism can also create a negative effect. At the extreme end of it, it can create the view that other cultures are not only different, but are also inferior. When ethnocentrism exists at any level, most people follow group lines and tend to differentiate between â€Å"us† and â€Å"them† (Healy, 1999, p. 175) Competition is a struggle over a scarce commodity (Healy, 1999, p 175), and usually leads to prejudice and discrimination. In contact situations, the dominant group is the one that come out on top of the competition. Competition can be over anything that is desired by either group, or what one group has that other wants. The dominant group serves its own interests by ending the competition and exploiting, controlling, eliminating or dominating the minority group (Healy, 1999 p.176). Differential in power is the third component in a contact situation. There are three things that can determine the differential of power: the size of the group, the organizational skills, and group leadership skills, and the controlling of resources. A larger, better organized group with more resources will generally be able to impose its will on the minority group (Healy,1999, p.176). The Blauner hypothesis, analyzed in his book Racial Oppression in America (1972), identifies two other types of contact situations, colonization and immigration. Blauner’s hypothesis states â€Å"minority groups created by colonization will experience more intense prejudice, racism, and discrimination than those created by immigration. Furthermore, the disadvantaged status of colonized groups will persist longer and be more difficult to overcome than the disadvantaged status faced by groups created by immigration† (Blauner, 1972). Colonized minority groups such as African Americans are usually forced into minority status. The status is forced upon them by the military and political powers wielded by the majority group. One example is the slave status. Colonized minorities have virtually no chance for assimilation and are typically identified by highly visible physical characteristics. Most immigrant minority groups have some semblance of control over where they are immigrating to. For this reason, they usually keep enough of their culture and resources to help them achieve that which they strive for. While immigrants will face problems trying to assimilate, they usually have a better chance than those that have been colonized. Works Cited â€Å"Bob Blauner.† Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Blauner. Licinio, J., and Ma-Li Wong. Biology of Depression: from Novel Insights to Therapeutic Strategies. Weinheim, Wiley-VCH, 2005.

Breast Cancer Patients With Age Essay - 723 Words

Results The studied group was divided into three groups: group A included 92 breast cancer patients with age ranged from (23-70 years). Group B included 25 patients with benign breast and their age ranged from (21-43 years) and group C (the control group) included 16 subjects with age ranged from (20-65 years). -E-selectin gene was expressed in 76.1% in malignant tissues, in 44.0 % in benign tissues and in only one case in control group (6.2%). These results show highly significant difference between the diseased groups and the controls. As regards grades of the malignant breast cancer, the E-selectin gene was expressed in 60.0 % of grade I, 75.6% of grade II and 40.7%in grade III. According to the stages of the malignant lesions, the percentage of the positive expression of the E-selectin was 40.6 %, 78.4 % and 88.9 % in stage I II, III and IV respectively. By comparing the results in positive and negative lymph node affection, the serum level as well as the percent of the gene expression of E-selectin was 86.8 % in patients with positive LN affection, while it was 69.2 % in patients with negative LN involvement (Table 1). The percentage of E-selectin expression in age groups 50 years patients was 65.7% and 81.5 % respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of E-selectin expression in ER positive and Er negative was (69.2 %) and (86.8 %) respectively. By comparing the results of tumor sizes, the serum level as well as the percent of the gene expression of E-selectin wasShow MoreRelatedWoman are Surviving Breast Cancer836 Words   |  3 Pageshave been educated on breast self-awareness by regularly checking their breast for any abnormalities especially feelings of a lump. Breast cancer is one of the most shared cancers that a women may face. It can transpire at any age, but it is much more likely to happen after 40 years old and as a women gets older. Because of definite factors, some women may have a greater chance of having breast cancer than others. As a women is getting older she should know about breast cancer and what she can doRead MoreEssay on The Cure for Breast Cancer1614 Words   |  7 PagesResearchers and doctors have tried for many years to find the perfect cure for breast cancer, but with each year that passes new symptoms and more problems seem to arise. Breast cancer seems is most common in women, but there have been some cases where the cancer has affected men. There have been years of research spent on trying to find the final answer to all the damage that cancer has caused and on top of that there have been multiple organizations collecting data and research in hopes of oneRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer1309 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common malignant disease occurring in women in Saudi society. After study and research, it found that two-thirds of the injuries in the Saudi society are diagnosed in advanced stages. The reasons for that are the lack of education for necessary of Self-examination and clinical examination annual, leading to the spread of the disease further. In addition to genetic changes, environmental pollution, bad lifestyle , Obesity ,Lack of exercise are also factorsRead MoreTaking a Look at Breast Cancer1760 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the Cancer Facts and Figures 2014 by the American Cancer Society, an estimated number of 232,670 women in the United States will be diagnosed with breast cancer, and about 2,360 new cases are expected in men. Breast cancer will possibly cause death to more than 40,000 female patients and 400 male patients in 2014. Excluding skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer that American women are diagnosed with. Additionall y, breast cancer ranks second in the most deadly cancers among womenRead MoreA Study On Breast Cancer843 Words   |  4 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women (Up to Date, 2014). The associated risk can be as high as 12% for every woman in the United States, regardless of family history (American Cancer Society, 2013). For this reason, care begins with patient education, risk stratification, and preventative medicine. The paper will review preventative options, risk stratification based on genetics and age, and breast cancer treatmentRead MoreA Brief Look at Breast Cancer Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesBREAST CANCER Introduction/Background Cancer is characterized by unregulated/uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. The etiological factors of Cancer include both external factors (tobacco, infectious organisms, chemicals, and radiation) and inherent factors (inherited mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and mutations that occur from metabolism). The etiological factors may act together or in sequence to trigger the development of cancer. It may take several years for the manifestationRead MoreOrgan Specific Cancer Treatments. 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Dr. Samuel Epstein, one of the top cancer experts, explains that the premenopausal breast is highly sensitive to radiation, each 1 rad exposure increases breast cancer risk by about 1 percent. He goes on to say thatRead MoreBreast Cancer : Cancer And Cancer Essay1433 Words   |  6 PagesBreast cancer is a carcinoma that develops due to malignant cells in the breast tissue. Cancerous cells are more likely to produce in the milk-producing ducts and the glands, ductal carcinoma, but in rare cases, breast cancer can develop in the stromal, fatty, tissues or surrounding lymph nodes, especially in the underarm (Breast Cancer). For women, breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the 2nd leading cause of cancer death – behind skin cancer. While treatment or surgeries canRead MoreIdentifying Women With Dense Breasts At High Risk For Interval Cancer989 Words   |  4 Pagestwo articles Identifying Women with Dense Breasts at High Risk for Interval Cancer (2015), how certain states have laws that the doctors need to tell the women if they have dense breast or not. If the women do have dense breast that they have to get supplemental imaging because when women do have dense breast they are at a higher risk of getting cancer. Also, Elevated Expression of HABP1 Is Correlated with Metastasis and Poor Survival in Breast Cancer Patients (2015), Hyaluronan-binding protein 1 (HABP1)

Alcohol Advertising Essay - 1140 Words

Alcohol Advertising Millions of Americans suffers from the effects of alcohol and drug abuse. It can shatter lives, brake families, and to rob people of their dreams for the future. Once alcoholism or drug addiction begins, an individuals problems not only dont go away, but their mental well being as well as physical ability continues to diminish from the immediate and long-term adverse effects from the drugs and alcohol abuse. Is it really true that advertising increases alcohol consumption, which increases alcohol abuse? No it is not. No solid evidence from either scientific research or practical experience that this theory of advertising is correct was identified. The United States Department of Health and Human Services in its†¦show more content†¦This is how young people view them. If one treats beverage alcohol as a dangerous substance to be avoided and not even advertised, he or she inadvertently can raise it up from the ordinary into the range of the powerful, the tantalizing, and the d esirable Big Deal. (Hanson, 1997). In so doing, we slip into the familiar, failed pattern of demonizing the substance of alcohol rather than discouraging irresponsible behavior. Alcohol addiction is a very serious and life threatening illness. Everything can get ruined in ones life. The life cycle of alcohol addiction begins with a problem, discomfort or some for of emotional or physical pain a person is experiencing and becomes difficult to deal with. At some point alcohol or drug enters the picture and provides a temporary, synthetic relief, and for a moment it seems to act as a solution to the problem. Alcohol addiction can be overcome and the individual can return to leading a happy, healthy, productive and responsible life once again. Often people drink during social occasions; it tends to loosen inhibitors. Unfortunately, the recklessness often is the result of excessive drinking and is a leading cause of serious injuries and accidental deaths. In addition, alcohol is the most common cause of preventable birth defects that include fatal alcohol syndrome. The effects of alcohol abuse can be short term and long term. Short- term effects of alcohol use include: alteredShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Marketing and Advertising25059 Words   |  101 PagesAlcohol Marketing and Advertising A Report to Congress September 2003 Federal Trade Commission, 2003 Timothy J. Muris Chairman Mozelle W. Thompson Commissioner Orson Swindle Commissioner Thomas B. Leary Commissioner Pamela Jones Harbour Commissioner Report Contributors Janet M. Evans, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Jill F. Dash, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division of Advertising Practices Neil Blickman, Bureau of Consumer Protection, Division ofRead More alcohol and advertising Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Alcohol and Advertising Throughout the history of television, viewers have raised many questions about alcohol advertising. Does advertising influence alcohol consumption? Does it has an impact on alcohol abuse or alcohol related disease and death? How is advertising affecting us? The goal of this essay is to collect evidence, both theoretical and empirical, that would address the question of whether advertising affects in any measurable manner alcohol consumption and mortality from alcoholism andRead MoreStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers3305 Words   |  14 PagesStereotypes in Alcohol Advertising to Teenagers 1. Gender Messages in Alcohol Advertising Stereotypes refer to standardize and simplified conception of groups, based on some prior assumptions. For example, a girl might not choose to be an engineer as most of the people have set their minds that the profession is always a guy. This is what we call stereotyping. But, who says a girl cannot be an engineer? According to the Media/Impact: An Introduction to Mass Media, NinthRead MoreOverview of Alcohol Advertising Essay2476 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction In terms of business, advertising is a type of marketing communication that is used to encourage, persuade or manipulate groups of people to take some action or continue with the actions that they were taking (Percy, 2008, p. 82). In majority of cases, the outcome that is sought to influence the actions of the customer in terms of profitable contribution even though other forms are also popular (Hansen and Christensen, 2007, p. 82). This particular type of work is in a category thatRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreWhy Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well Being1897 Words   |  8 PagesVanwormer C.P. Reading Writing 6 May 2016 Why Advertising Alcohol Is Destroying Public Well-Being When I was nine years old, I remember seeing the most delectable, mouthwatering commercial on television. It was for beer. Growing up in a family that did not drink, I never thought beer could look so appetizing. The beverage was everywhere I looked—except for in my own fridge. Not only adults, but kids and teens everywhere are being bombarded with alcohol advertisements. Many of these youths choose toRead MoreTobacco Advertising Is Illegal but Alcohol Is Not. Is This Hypocritical?3161 Words   |  13 PagesCOMM 3P14 – Media Industries Tobacco Advertising is Illegal, but Advertising for Alcohol is not, Is This Hypocritical? Rebecca Stewart 4574927 Russell Johnston Seminar 3 November 11, 2012 Advertisements are a vital part of any company’s marketing strategy, and are used to inform or persuade an audience about a certain product or service. In fact, North American companies are among the world’s highest advertisers (Boone et al., 2010, 502). Today, an average consumer is exposed to hundredsRead MoreAlcohol Advertising Essay1672 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their productsRead MoreEssay on Alcohol Advertising1655 Words   |  7 PagesAlcohol Advertising Exposure to alcohol advertising is an everyday occurrence. Alcohol advertising is persuasive not only to adults but to those who are too young to buy alcohol legally. Although parents and peers have a large impact on youth decisions to drink, marketing also has a significant impact by influencing the attitudes of parents and peers and helping to create an environment that promotes underage drinking. Alcohol companies focus billions of dollars on advertising their products

Batteries and Their Importance Essay - 1061 Words

Batteries and Their Importance We use batteries everyday, we use them to start our cars and to listen to our Walkmans. I have a few questions: How do batteries work? What are the different kinds of batteries Batteries and Their Importance We use batteries everyday, we use them to start our cars and to listen to our Walkmans. I have a few questions: How do batteries work? What are the different kinds of batteries? Why do they die? Why do they lose energy when they are not used for a long time? Well I tried my best to find the best answers for these questions and a little more. Battery, also called an electric cell, is a device that converts chemical energy into electricity. All batteries contain an electrolyte, a†¦show more content†¦Another type of primary cell is the mercury cell. This cell uses zinc as the negative electrode, mercury as the positive electrode, and potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. This cell gives about 1.3 volts of electricity, and is used in hearing aids and watches because the battery can be flattened. Primary cells maintain a positive charge on the positive terminal and a negative charge on the negative terminal, month after month. These charges attract another and sometimes manage to get to each other through the battery it self. When this happens the battery loses some energy. This is why batteries lose energy if not used. It is possible to slow this process down by refrigerating batteries. Dry Cell Battery The storage, or secondary cell, which can be recharged by reversing the chemical reaction, was invented in 1859 by the French physicist Gaston Plante. This invention was very crucial because it would revolutionize cars. Instead of crank starts the lead-acid battery was used. The lead-acid, which Plante invented is still the same basic design today. The battery consists of six cells connected in a series, and is used in automobiles. Its chief advantage is that it can deliver a strong current of electricity (starting an engine), however it runs down quickly. Each cell is made up of a number of positive and negative plates, separated by thin layers of wood, hard rubber, or plastic, called separators. All the positive plates are connectedShow MoreRelatedUsing Glucose Fuel Battery Of Artificial Pacemakers With Longer Battery Life1342 Words   |  6 PagesUsing glucose fuel battery in artificial pacemakers with longer battery life Abstract Battery life is an important performance of artificial pacemakers. Longer even infinity battery life provides much more conveniences and avoid unnecessary risks for pacemaker users. Glucose fuel battery, a new recent research, may possibly replace current lithium battery in pacemakers. This article provides a comprehensive review of the state of the art of glucose fuel battery in artificial pacemakers and itsRead MoreTesla Is An Automobile Car Company Of The 21st Century Essay1153 Words   |  5 PagesTesla is an auto car company of the 21st century founded by Elon Musk, Martin Eberhard, JB Straubel and Ian Wright. The company also manufactures power walls and battery charging equipment. Tesla is well known for the production of its first sports car Tesla Roadster coupled with two other cars Tesla Model S and the current Tesla Model X. Elon Musk is the face of the company and has driven the company through odds building confidence among its shareholders and customers (Marcovici, 20 13, p 45). TheRead MoreReverse Logistics1277 Words   |  6 Pagesproduct in a timely manner is often not of major importance to the end users and retailers. Therefore, any processes that rely on the availability of cores or supplies will have to be flexible enough to handle variations in supply. In the case of Johnson Automotive, we will focus primarily on instituting processes that will help to the company to create competitive advantage with its reverse logistics operations. Johnson currently supplies paint, batteries, and electronics to a major auto manufacturerRead MoreA Brief Note On Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ( Uavs )1378 Words   |  6 Pagesvehicles (UAVs) increasingly use battery technology coupled with electric motors to supply energy, as opposed to fossil fuel combustion engines (Floreano Wood, 2015). However, general development associated with UAVs sees the simultaneous processes of advancement of UAV-operated tasks in terms of complication and required time and relative stagnation of the battery technology that must be used to power the UAVs in such tasks (Floreano Wood, 2015). The goal of a battery system in general is to maximizeRead MoreDescription Of Electric Bicycle Safety Essay757 Words   |  4 Pagesconsist six separate parts: The Battery, Dynamo as a wind generator, the BLDC motor, controller, charging system and solar panel. Use of simplified Mechanical design and less weighted dry cell batteries to overcome the above problems. Wind-solar combination is used for self charging. Due to that bicycle become smart and speed is increased. Charging time required for battery of this bicycle is less and discharging time is more. Some components such as motor, controller, battery, governor were installed inRead MoreDesign A Functional Prototype Of Monitoring System1103 Words   |  5 Pagescontroller, battery, monitoring system, SD Card and monitoring station. 4.0.2 Solar Panel Solar used in this power system is a 17.5V 5W solar panel. It gives a maximum voltage of 21.4V. This voltage indicates how much of input will the solar get on a very shiny day to supply to the panel and be regulated before getting to the load. 4.0.3 Solar Charge Controller Solar charge controller regulates the voltages and current coming from the solar panel that place between solar panel and battery. It isRead MoreSolar Panel For The Greenhouse Effect1459 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract: Energy is one of the issues that is causing the most controversy as fossil fuels are the greatest pollutants and the greatest contributors to the greenhouse effect .The increasing importance of environmental concern, fuel savings and unavailability of power has led to the renewal of interest in renewable energies. It therefore stands to reason that developing countries whose energy consumption rate is increasing at a very fast rate should be investigating new energy systems based on renewableRead MoreBackbay Battery Simulation Reflection Report . In Playing1610 Words   |  7 PagesBackBay Battery Simulation Reflection Report In playing the simulation of the BackBay Battery, managing the company’s mature technology NiMH and the emerging potential disruptive UC technology, I learned many lessons from analysing the game results, and also from the decision making process during the simulation. I adopted many different strategies in different playing times. The following report will discuss three main strategies I adopted, namely 1. investing in both technologies, 2. nurturingRead MoreSpecific Elements Of Non Fatal Offences1396 Words   |  6 Pagesbe explaining specific elements of non-fatal offence, comparing the elements of two specific non-fatal offences and I will also be evaluating the law and sentencing for each section of non-fatal offences. Types of Non-Fatal Offences 1. Assault 2. Battery 3. Assault occasioning actual body harm (ABH) Section 47 OAPA 4. Inflicting grievous bodily harm or wounding Section 20 OAPA 5. Inflicting grievous bodily harm or wounding with intent Section 18 OAPA Assault An assault simply means intentionally orRead MoreResearch Methodology : Scientific And Systematic Approach For Relevant Information On A Specific Topic1204 Words   |  5 PagesConsidering the importance of the research these steps have been adopted that will also show understandings and reasons of selecting that particular method. The type of the research is case study based. The case study provides a vehicle through which several qualitative methods can be combined, thereby avoiding to great reliance on one single approach (Bryman and Bell, 2012). 3.2 Objectives Primarily, this research concentrates on improving the cycle time of the production of Exide batteries and thereby

Computer Operating System Free Essays

An operating system (OS) is like a facilitator, providing an environment for application programs to run in. It provides an interface between computer hardware and the user of the application programs. Application programs are a stored set of instructions for responding to a specific request. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Operating System or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hardware are the physical devices that make up the system such as the monitor, keyboard, printer, ect. The OS typically includes anywhere from tens to thousands of built-in subroutines called functions which applications can call to perform basic tasks such as displaying a string of text on the screen or inputting a character from the keyboard. The OS allows the user to interact with and obtain information from the hardware through a series of layers. The command layer is the only part of the OS that interacts with the user and sometimes is referred to as the shell. It is the user†s interface to the OS in that the user can request system services via a Job Control Language (JCL), which is the set of commands and their syntax requirements, or through a GUI (Graphical User Interface), the newest command language. The command interpreter decides which services must be executed to process the request and passes these to the service layer. The service layer accepts the commands and translates them into detailed instructions. There is one service call for each number of system requests provided by this layer. It handles functions in process control, file control, and device control. It makes requests to drivers for access to the kernel layer, which interacts directly with the hardware. Input must travel through these layers to reach the hardware and the results must travel back. First and foremost, an operating system must provide a mechanism for starting processes, which most of us know as programs. There are two main types of operating systems: single-tasking and multitasking. DOS is an example of a single-tasking operating system, which simply means that it can only run one program at a time. Windows95 (or newer editions, prior editions were a GUI interface to DOS) is the most widely used multitasking operating system on PC†s. Multitasking means that many programs can run at the same time. The processor (CPU), which selects and executes instructions, must divide its time to each active application to make it appear that all are running at once. These types of operating systems contain schedulers that divide the processor†s time among active processes. The schedulers are located in the kernel. Each process has one or several threads of execution. Every few milliseconds the scheduler takes control of the CPU from the thread it is currently executing, uses a complex time-allocation algorithm to decide which thread should execute next, and continues executing the thread at the point where it was last interrupted. The next fundamental duty of an operating system is to manage the memory – or storage of data – available to it and its applications. The goal in memory management is to give each application the memory it needs without infringing upon memory used by other applications. When a program is loaded and ran, the OS allocates a block of memory to hold the program†s code and data. If a program requires additional memory, it can call a function in the operating system to request more. DOS does not handle memory very well because it runs in real mode, where only 1MB of RAM (Random Access Memory) is addressable. The RAM is volatile memory that stores the running applications but the information is lost when the computer is turned off. Windows95 does a much better job of managing memory because it runs in protected mode, which allows it to use all memory, including extended memory. And even when that much memory isn†t enough, it can make more available by creating virtual memory from free space (space that has nothing stored in it) on a hard disk (non-removable secondary storage hardware device). Virtual Memory is a memory management technique that only loads active portions of a program into main memory. Windows95 also takes steps to prevent an application from accessing memory that it does not own. In DOS, and application can write to someone else†s memory, including the operating system†s, which can crash the entire system. Windows95 runs applications in private address spaces that are logically isolated from each other and identify the start of the file. One of an operating system†s most important components is its file system – the part responsible for managing files stored on hard disks and other mass-storage devices. An operating system provides high-level functions that applications can call to control file I/O, which covers the opening, closing, creating, deleting, and renaming of files. To read a chunk of data from a file, the application calls an operating system function and passes the operating system the file handle (which uniquely identifies an open file), the address in memory where the data should be copied, and the number of bytes to copy. The OS has to identify each sector on the disk that holds a portion of the requested file and program the drive controller to retrieve the information, sector by sector. It has to do this efficiently so that the information is retrieved quickly. The OS finds the right locations on the disk because it keeps a map that contains the name of each file and a record of where it is stored. DOS and Windows95 use a file allocation table as a map to find the locations. Another role that operating systems play in making a computer work is controlling device I/O. A device is a piece of hardware such as a video adapter, keyboard, or mouse. To talk to a device, a program must speak the device†s language, which usually consists of streams of 1†³s and 0†³s. There are thousands of different devices and â€Å"languages†, so the OS helps out by serving as an interpreter. It talks to the devices through device drivers, which are interface programs specially designed for each individual I/O device. Most operating systems like Windows95 come with dozens of different drivers for each I/O device. DOS also uses drivers, but they are often so primitive that the applications perform device I/O by relying on low-level routines encoded in ROM (Read Only Memory – allows the data to be read but not written) in the computer†s BIOS (Basic Input/Output System) or by talking directly to the hardware. How to cite Computer Operating System, Essay examples Computer Operating System Free Essays string(87) " Microsoft disk operating system\) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft\." 1. Introduction to Operating System:- Computer is a somewhat complex machine. The world has become accustomed to so many choices. We will write a custom essay sample on Computer Operating System or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the major choices in the modern era is the â€Å"Operating System (OS)†. Operating systems are the central software component to any computer. The main brands of operating system are; Windows Mac OS, Sun Solaris, UNIX, DOS and Linux. Each brand has its own take on what makes up an operating system. Windows is the most commonly used operating system around the world. The most common advantage about Windows is its simplicity. It is now very easy for an inexperienced person to grasp the concept and use the computer with this operating system on it. Windows newest version is Vista and windows7. Vista has made computing a lot safer. Unfortunately, the simplicity which was there with previous versions has gone out of other version of windows. With its focus turning to security, lots of the simple things have been changed to turn into harder tasks. Windows was the first operating system to make the use of the computer simple. This has allowed a computer revolution as more and more of the world becomes computerized using windows as its operating system. The main bad point about Microsoft Vista is the price tag. For what it is, it is not worth the price tag, but people want simplicity, so they pay that little bit extra, so they get to use what they work with on a day to day basis in work places all around the world. Thus, the operating system (OS) is a computer program (system software) that acts as an intermediate between user and computer hardware. This is the first software that we see when we turn on the computer and the last software when we turn off the computer. It provides higher level abstraction. In conclusion, it is a master supervisory program which provides friendly interface for the user to interact with the computer and its peripherals and different application software as well as an environment for programs or applications to execute. 2. Functions:- ? Scheduling: – One of the functions of operating system is to allow multiple programs to execute in single processor system. There is fast switching of processor time for each job waiting for processor time. ? Interrupt handling: – It determines the causes of the interruption and passes control to another module of the program which was interrupted. Memory management: – It stores programs which are needed the most. The management of working area to execute the program is memory management. Memory management is all about transfer between the main and backing storage. ? Virtual memory management: – It is a technique for making computer appear to have more memory than it actually has. By this proces s we can load small portions of hard disk and process it when needed and swapping them out when another process is to be carried out. ? File Management: – It works on the basis of FAT. It allocates space on the storage media to hold each file which is stored and de-allocates space when needed. It maps logical file address to physical disk address. ? Resource allocation: – In large computer systems which are capable of running several programs at once, operating system is responsible for allocating processing time, memory and resources. All the jobs are performed in order as they are to be performed and as they are submitted, then operating system schedules them in order to make the best possible use of the resources. Some Popular Operating System:- 3. 1. Ms-Windows:- Introduction Microsoft is a multinational computer technology corporation. The Microsoft began on April 4, 1975, when it was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque. Microsoft windows are a series of software operating system and graphical user interface produced by Microsoft Corporation. Windows came to dominate the world’s personal computer market. It was stated that windows had approximately 90% of the client operating system market. The most recent client version of Microsoft is Windows Vista and windows7. [pic] Fig: Logo of Microsoft windows History of Microsoft windows:- The history of Microsoft began on April 4, 1975, when it was founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque. Its current best-selling products are the Microsoft Windows operating system and the Microsoft Office suite of productivity software. Starting in 1980, Microsoft formed an important partnership with IBM that allowed them to bundle Microsoft’s operating system with computers that they sold, paying Microsoft a royalty for every sale. In 1985, IBM requested that Microsoft write a new operating system for their computers called OS/2; Microsoft wrote the operating system, but also continued to sell their own alternative, which proved to be in direct competition with OS/2. Microsoft Windows eventually overshadowed OS/2 in terms of sales. When Microsoft launched several versions of Microsoft Windows in the 1990s, they had captured over 90% market share of the world’s personal computers. [pic] Fig: Microsoft staff photo from December 7, 1978. From left to right: Top: Steve Wood, Bob Wallace, and Jim Lane. Middle: Bob O’Rear, Bob Greenberg, Marc McDonald, Gordon Letwin. Bottom: Bill Gates, Andrea Lewis, Marla Wood, Paul Allen. Versions:- |Release date |Product name |Current version / build | |Nov 1987 |Windows2. 03 |2. 3 | |Mar 1989 |Windows2. 11 |2. 11 | |May 1990 |Windows3. 0 |3. 0 | |Mar 1992 |Windows3. 1x |3. 1 | |Oct 1992 |Windows for workgroups3. 1 |3. 1 | |Jul 1993 |Windows NT3. 1 |NT3. 1 | |Dec 1993 |Windows for workgroups3. 1 |3. 11 | |Jan 1994 |Windows 3. 2(released in simplified |3. 2 | | |Chinese only) | | |Sep 1994 |Windows NT 3. 5 |NT 3. 5 | |May 1995 |Windows NT 3. 51 |NT 3. 51 | |Aug1995 |Windows 95 |4. . 950 | |Jul 1996 |Windows NT4. 0 |NT4. 0. 1381 | |Jun 1998 |Windows98 |4. 10. 1998 | |M ay 1999 |Windows 98SE |4. 10. 2222 | |Feb 2000 |Windows 2000 |NT 5. 0. 2195 | |Sep 2000 |Windows Me |4. 0. 3000 | |Oct 2001 |Windows XP |NT 50102600 | |Mar 2003 |Windows XP 64-bit Edition 2003 |NT5. 2. 3790 | |Apr 2003 |Windows Server 2003 |5. 2. 3790 | |Apr 2005 |Windows XP Professional x64 edition|NT50203790 | |Jul 2006 |Windows Fundamentals for legacy PCs|NT 5. 1. 600 | |Nov2006(volume licensing January |Windows Vista |NT6. 0. 6001 | |2007 retail) | | | |July 2007 |Windows Home Server |NT5. 2. 4500 | |Feb 2008 |Windows Server 2008 |NT 6. 0. 6001 | Features:- The features of MS-Windows are summarized in following points: 3. 2. MS-DOS:- Introduction:- MS-DOS (short for Microsoft disk operating system) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft. You read "Computer Operating System" in category "Papers" It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating system and was the main operating system for computer during 1980s. Several variants of DOS are available including Microsoft version dos (MS-DOS), IBM’sversion (PC-DOS), and several others. It is a single user and single-processor operating system that uses a command line interface known as DOS prompt. There are several levels to DOS. At the lowest level are the Bios (Basic Input/output system) which are responsible for managing devices like Keyboards and disk drives . The next level provides a set of higher level services implemented using the low level BIOS services; one can refer to disk drive1as â€Å"drive A:†and instead of referring to specific sectors or tracks we can refer to files by name (example LETTER. TXT). This layer of the system is implemented by another file which is loaded when the system starts up (the file is called MSDOS. SYS on MS-DOS systems, and IBMDOS. com on PC-DOS systems). The third layer is the command interpreter (or shell), which is what most people think it as DOS. This is contained in another file called COMMAND. COM, which is just an ordinary program that is started automatically. The shell job is to display a command prompt on the screen as to type commands. Applications are executed at the top of the shell. [pic] Fig: Logo of MS-DOS History:- MS-DOS (short for disk operating system) is an operating system commercialized by Microsoft. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating system and was the main operating system and was the main operating system for computer during 1980s. It was based on the Intel 8086 family of processors, particularly by operating systems offering a graphical user interface. It was known before a QDOS (Quick dirty operating system) and 86DOS. MS dos was originally released in 1981 and had eight major versions released before Microsoft stopped development in2000. It was the key product in Microsoft’s growth from a programming languages company to a diverse software development firm, providing the company with essential revenue and marketing resources . It is also used in GUI operating system such as windows as basic operating system. Versions:- i) MS- DOS2. 11 ii) DR-DOS5 iii) DR-DOS5. 0 iv) DR-DOS6 v) MS-DOS5. 0 vi) MS-DOS8 vii) MS-DOS6. 0 viii) MS-DOS6. 20 x) MS-DOS6. 21 x) MS-DOS6. 22 Features:- i) Files are organized into directory. ii) File name has extensions. (For e. g. TXT for text file). iii) File name can be of 8 characters long. iv) Native file system of DOS is FAT32 or FAT16. 3. 3. Linux:- [pic] Fig: Logo of Linux Introduction:- The term Linux is actually referred to mean a kernel of UNIX like operating system developed by a finish soft ware architect Linus torvald. The name Linux is derived from linus and unix. The Linux kernel is an operating system kernel used by the Linux family of Unix-like operating systems. It is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software. Torvalds originally used Minix on his computer, a simplified kernel written by Andrew Tanenbaum for teaching operating system design. In April 1991, Linus Torvalds, a 21-year-old student at the Helsinki, Finland started working on some simple ideas for an operating system. He started with a task switcher in Intel 80386 assembly language and a terminal driver. , Linus However, Tanenbaum did not support extensions to his operating system, leading Torvalds to write a replacement for Minix. Linux started out as a terminal emulator written in IA-32 assembler and C which was compiled into binary form and booted from a floppy disk so that it would run outside of any operating system. The terminal emulator was running two threads: one for sending and one for receiving characters from the serial port. When Linus needed to write and read files to disk, this task-switching terminal emulator was extended with an entire file system handler, and after that gradually evolved into an entire operating system targeted at POSIX-compliance. Linus implemented enough POSIX system calls to make Linux run the Bash shell and after this bootstrapping procedure the development rapidly speed up. Although a running Minix system was originally necessary in order to configure, compile, install and run Linux, the Linux system quickly surpassed Minix in functionality and was soon able to boot on its own and compile its own source code. Linux is written in the version of the C programming language supported by GCC (which has introduced a number of extensions and changes to standard C), together with a number of short sections of code written in the assembly language. Versions:- |Versions |Date of release | |0. 01 |September 1991 | |0. 02 |October 1991 | |0. 11 |December 1991 | |0. 12 |February 1992 | |0. 95 |March 1992 | |1. 0. 0 |14 March 1994 | |1. 2. 0 |March 1995 | |2 |9 June 1996 | |2. 2. 0 |25 January 1999 | |2. 4. 0 |4 January 2001 | |2. 6. |17 December 2003 | |2. 6. 32 |3 December 2009 | |2. 6. 31 |9 September 2009 | ? Due to Version 2. 6. 31, Linux became the first operating system kernel to support USB 3. 0. Features:- ? It posses GUI as well as CUI Versions. ? It is more popular in networking server ,internet service provider as it consumes less space and fast to operate ? It is open source and available free of cost. 3. 4. Mac :- [pic] Fig: Logo of Mac OS Introduction:- On January 24, 1984, Apple Computer Inc. (now Apple Inc. introduced the Macintosh personal computer, with the Macintosh 128K model, which came bundled with the Mac OS operating system, then known as the System Software. The Macintosh is often credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The Mac OS has been pre-installed on almost every Macintosh computer ever sold. The operating system is also sold separately at Apple retail stores, and online. The original Mac OS was partially based on the Lisa OS, previously released by Apple for the Lisa computer in 1983. It was the first Graphical User Interface (GUI) based Operating system. It was more user friendly and had a high quality graphics. It is more popular in graphical designing, animations and audio and video processing. Apple marketed its operating system software as â€Å"Mac OS†, in the beginning of 1997. The computer manufactured by Apple Macintosh Inc. needs operating system manufactured by itself otherwise it does not work. Apple was very strong in advertising their newfound machine. After it was created, the company bought all 39 pages of advertisement space in the Newsweek magazine, 1984 November/December edition. Apple was so successful in its marketing for the Macintosh, that it quickly outshone its more sophisticated predecessor, the Lisa, in sales – so much so that Apple quickly developed a product called MacWorks which allowed the Lisa to emulate Macintosh system software through System 3, by which time it had been discontinued as the re-branded Macintosh XL. Many of Lisa’s operating system advances would not appear in the operating system until System 7. Versions:- |System Version |Release Date | |1. 0 (. 7) |January 24, 1984 | |1. 1 |May 5, 1984 | |2. 0 |April 1985 | |2. 1 |September 1985 | |3. 0 |January 1986 | |3. 1 |February 1986 | |3. |February1986 | |3. 3 |January 1987 | |3. 4 | | |4. 0 |March 1987 | |4. 1 |April 1987 | |4. 2 |1987 | |4. |1988 | |6. 0 |April, 1988 | |6. 0. 1 |September 19, 1988 | |6. 0. 2 |Late 1988 | |6. 0. 3 |March 7, 1989 | |6. 0. |September 20, 1989 | |6. 0. 5 |March 19, 1990 | |6. 0. 6 |October 15 ,1990 | |6. 0. 7 |October 16,1990 | |6. 0. 8 |April, 1991 | |6. 0. L |Late 1991/Early 1992 | |7 |May 13,1991 | |8 |July 26,1997 | |9 |October 23,1999 | |X |1999 | Features:- ? It is GUI based operating system. It provides multiprocessing capabilities. ? It is used mostly in graphics designing field, animations, audio-video processing due to its high quality graphics. 5. UNIX:- [pic] Fig: Logo of UNIX OS Introduction:- It was developed by a team or group of programmers at Bell Lab (ATT). It was developed in the early 1970s. It is open source and free of cost. UNIX (officially trademarked as UNIX, sometimes also written as Unix with small caps) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of ATT employees at BELL Labs. Today the term UNIX is used to describe any operating system that conforms to Unix standards, meaning the core operating system operates the same as the original Unix operating system. Today’s UNIX systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT as well as various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations. As of 2007, the owner of the trademark is The Open Group. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of UNIX in academic circles led to large-scale adoption of UNIX by commercial startups. The term â€Å"traditional Unix† may be used to describe a UNIX or an operating system that has the characteristics of either Version 7 Unix or UNIX System V. As of 2007, the owner of the trademark is The Open Group, an industry standards consortium. Only systems fully compliant with and certified according to the Single UNIX Specification are qualified to use the trademark; others are called â€Å"UNIX system-like† or â€Å"UNIX-like†. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the influence of Unix in academic ircles led to large-scale adoption of Unix (particularly of the BSD variant, originating from the University of California, Berkeley) by commercial startups, the most notable of which are Solaris, HP-UX and AIX. Today, in addition to certified UNIX systems such as those already mentioned, Unix-like operating systems such as Linux and BSD are commonly encountered. Versions:- †¢ Andran †¢ UNIX/32V †¢ UNIX4 †¢ UNIX5 †¢ UNIX6 †¢ UNIX 7 †¢ UNIX8 †¢ UNIX9 †¢ UNIX10 Features:- ? UNIX operating systems are widely used in both servers and workstations. ? UNIX was designed to be portable, multi-tasking and multi-user. As it is CUI based it is fast and consumes less memory space. ? It is multiuser and multitasking operating system. ? It is open source and free of cost. 6. Sun Solaris;- [pic] Fig: Logo of SUNSOLARIS Introduction:- It was developed by Sun Microsystems during 1990s. Sun Microsystems. Inc. is a multinational vendor of computers, computer components, computer software, and information technology services, founded on February 24, 1982. The company is headquartered in Santa Clara, California (part of Silicon Valley), on the former west campus of the Center. It is the modification of UNIX operating systems. It is used in large Internet Service Provider (ISP), large banks, Telecommunications. etc. It manufactures its own computer and installs its own software. They are used for large amount of data processing. They are highly expensive . They are much more fast and efficient than personal computers we use. It is used in large servers. [pic] Fig: logo of Sun Microsystems 4. Summary:- The operating systems are the set of programs that control the entire operation of computer. Operating systems make the computer work. The operating software is the one to make other software work. It provides a platform for users and other software to work. The operating system should be choosed on the basis of one’s need and how the user wants programs to work. We should also focus on the user friendliness of operating system. We should choose operating system on the basis of its cost to operate and its compatibility with other programs. The Microsoft windows are used in huge number as operating system rather than other operating systems due to its simplicity and easy access. [pic] ———————– 13 How to cite Computer Operating System, Papers